注释（第2/9页）

[47] Fitzmaurice, Sovereignty, Property, and Empire, 1500—2000, 20; Dubos, Le mal extrême.

[48] De Rouen and Heo, Civil Wars of the World. 这是一个更易于把握的主题概要。

[49] Manicas, “War, Stasis, and Greek Political Thought”; Berent, “Stasis, or the Greek Invention of Politics.”

[50] Gardet, “Fitna”; As-Sirri, Religiös-politische Argumentation im fruhen Islam(610—685); Ayalon, “From Fitna to Thawra”; Martinez-Gross and Tixier du Mesnil, eds., “La fitna:Le désordre politique dans l’Islam médiéval.”

[51] Similar terms for “internal war” are found in Finnish, Persian, and Turkish.Kissane, Nations Torn Asunder, 39.

[52] Armitage, “Every Great Revolution Is a Civil War.”

[53] Armitage, “Cosmopolitanism and Civil War.”

第一章 发明内战 罗马传统

[1] Loraux, Divided City, trans. Pache and Fort, 108.

[2] Nicolet, Demokratia et aristokratia; Wiedemann, “Reflections of Roman Political Thought in Latin Historical Writing,” 519.

[3] “Aemulumque Thucydidis Sallustium”: Velleius Paterculus, Historiae 2.36.2;Scanlon, Influence of Thucydides on Sallust; Pelling,“ ‘Learning from That Violent Schoolmaster.’ ”

[4] Botteri, “Stási.”

[5] Clavadetscher-Thürlemann, ΠΟΛΕΜΟΣΔΙΚΑΙΣ und bellum iustum, 178–83;Wynn, Augustine on War and Military Service, 128–31.

[6] Rosenberger, Bella et expeditiones.

[7] Keenan, Wars Without End, 32.

[8] Jal, La guerre civile à Rom, 19–21; Urbainczyk, Slave Revolts in Antiquity,100 –115; Schiavone, Spartacus.

[9] Robert Brown, “The Terms Bellum Sociale and Bellum Civile in the Late Republic,” 103.

[10] 对罗马civitas的理解，详见Ando, Roman Social Imaginaries, 7–14。

[11] harvey, Rebel Cities; Hazan, History of the Barricade.

[12] Brett, Changes of State.

[13] Plato, Republic 462a—b, in Collected Dialogues, 701 (translation adapted).

[14] Gehrke, Stasis.

[15] Price, Thucydides and Internal War, 30–32.

[16] Plato, Republic 470b—c, in Collected Dialogues, 709.

[17] Plato, Laws 628b, 629d, in Collected Dialogues, 1229 (translation adapted),1231; Price, Thucydides and Internal War, 67–70.

[18] Stouratis, “Byzantine War Against Christians”; Kyriakidis, “Idea of Civil War in Thirteenth- and Fourteenth-Century Byzantium.”

[19] Panourgía, Dangerous Citizens, 81– 86.

[20] Loraux, “Oikeios polemos.”

[21] Plato, Republic 471e, in Collected Dialogues, 710.

[22] Thucydides, Eight Bookes of the Peloponnesian Warre 3.81– 83, trans. Hobbes,187–90. 对“党争”的描述后面紧接的那部分，现在普遍认为是后补插叙。Fuks, “Thucydides and the Stasis in Corcyra”。

[23] 霍布斯是第一位将修昔底德的著作从希腊文翻译成英文者；而更早期的英文版 The Hystory Writtone by Thucidides the Athenyan of the Warre, Whiche Was Betwene the Peloponesians and the Athenyans, 是由Nicolls从Claude de Seysell的法文译著所翻译的。同样，避免了使用civil war这个词，替代的是civile dissention，cyvill seditions和cyvill battailles等词。17世纪20年代霍布斯进行翻译时的政治语境——完全不同于17世纪40年代的内战时期——参见Hoekstra, “Hobbes’s Thucydides,” 551–57; 现代对修昔底德的普遍理解，参见Harloe and Morley, eds., Thucydides and the Modern World。

[24] 修昔底德与现代医学，参见Price, Thucydides and Internal War, 14 –18, 以及他对“党争”与雅典瘟疫的叙述分析 (2.47–58), 参见Orwin, “Stasis and Plague”。

[25] Thucydides, Eight Bookes of the Peloponnesian Warre, trans. Hobbes, 198, 199(i.e., pp. 188, 189). 有关“党争”的语言历史，参见Loraux, “Thucydide et la sédition dans les mots”。

[26] Thucydides, War of the Peloponnesians and the Athenians 3.74, trans. Mynott,208.

[27] 我非常感谢Richard Thomas强调了关于内战的空间维度这一重要观点，来与“党争”对比。

[28] Thomas De Quincey, “[‘Greece Under the Romans,’ draft]” ( Jan.–March 1844), in Works of Thomas De Quincey, 15:539 (foot-note). 感谢Jennifer Pitts在我写作这个段落时给我的提醒。

[29] Thucydides, War of the Peloponnesians and the Athenians, trans. Mynott, 212n1.

[30] Thucydides, Eight Bookes of the Peloponnesian Warre, trans. Hobbes, 198 (i.e.,188).

[31] Loraux, Divided City, 107– 8, 197–213; Ando, Law, Language, and Empire in the Roman Tradition, 3 – 4.

[32] Thucydides, War of the Peloponnesians and the Athenians 4.64, trans. Mynott,273; Loraux, “Oikeios polemos.”

[33] Brunt, Social Conflicts in the Roman Republi; Lintott, Violence in Republican Rome.

[34] 关于tumults和civil war的区别，参见Jal, “‘Tumultus’ et ‘bellum ciuile’ dans les Philippiques de Cicéron”; Grangé, “Tumultus et tumulto”。

[35] Livy, History of Rome 1.7, in Rise of Rome, trans. Luce, 10–11; Wiseman,Remus.

[36] Lucan, Bellum civile 1.95, in Civil War, trans. Braund, 5; also quoted in Augustine, City of God Against the Pagans 15.5, ed. and trans. Dyson, 640.

[37] Beard, SPQR, 73–74.

[38] res publica的含义，参见Lind, “Idea of the Republic and the Foundations of Roman Political Liberty”。

[39] Livy, History of Rome 2.1, in Rise of Rome, 71; Arena, Libertas and the Practice of Politics in the Late Roman Republic.

[40] Raaflaub, Social Struggles in Archaic Rome.

[41] 参见，例如Draper, Dictatorship of the Proletariat, 11–27 (on “dictatorship”);Lekas, Marx on Classical Antiquity; Bonnell, “‘A Very Valuable Book’: Karl Marx and Appian”。马克思对罗马内部冲突语言的使用值得进一步研究。

[42] Plutarch, “Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus,” in Roman Lives, trans. Waterfield,98–99, 113–14.

[43] Appian, Civil Wars 1.1–2, trans. Carter, 1; Price, “Thucydidean Stasis and the Roman Empire in Appian’s Interpretation of History.”

[44] Ibid. 1.1–2, trans. Carter, 1–2 (translation amended).

[45] Jal, “‘Hostis (Publicus)’ dans la littérature latine de la fin de la République.”

[46] Flower, “Rome’s First Civil War and the Fragility of Republican Culture,” 75 –78.

[47] Sherwin-White, Roman Citizenship, 40, 264 – 67.

[48] Keaveney, Sulla, 45–50; Seager, “Sulla.”

[49] Raaflaub, “Caesar the Liberator?”

[50] Appian, Civil Wars 1.59 – 60, trans. Carter, 32–33.

[51] Ibid. 1.1, 1.55, trans. Carter,I,30.

第二章 回忆内战 罗马愿景

[1] 至少根据哲学家Seneca the Elder所保存下来的文本中的话: “Optima civilis belli defensio oblivio est.” Seneca, Controversiae 10.3.5, quoted in Gowing,Empire and Memory, 82. 近来历史学家Josiah Osgood建议就罗马而言，“最好的防御就是渐渐忘记”。Osgood, “Ending Civil War at Rome,” 1689. 更多请参见Flower, Art of Forgetting。